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The Pleasures of Metamorphosis

Japanese and English Fairy Tale Transformations of "The Little Mermaid"

Lucy Fraser

Fairy-Tale Studies, Folklore, Literary Criticism and Theory, Gender

The Donald Haase Series in Fairy-Tale Studies

Paperback
Published: June 2017
ISBN: 9780814342442
Pages: 232 Size: 6x9
Illustrations: 17 color illustrations
$34.99
eBOOK
Published: June 2017
ISBN: 9780814342459
Book Images

Lucy Fraser’s The Pleasures of Metamorphosis: Japanese and English Fairy Tale Transformations of "The Little Mermaid" explores Japanese and English transformations of Hans Christian Andersen’s 1837 Danish fairy tale "The Little Mermaid" by focusing on pleasure as a means to analyze the huge variety of texts that transform a canonical fairy tale such as Andersen’s. Fraser examines over twenty Japanese and English transformations, including literary texts, illustrated books, films, and television series. This monograph also draws upon criticism in both Japanese and English, meeting a need in Western fairy-tale studies for more culturally diverse perspectives. Fraser provides a model for critical cross-cultural fairy tale analysis in her examination of the journey of a single fairy tale across two languages.

The book begins with the various approaches to reading and writing fairy tales, with a history of "The Little Mermaid" in Japanese and English culture. Disney’s The Little Mermaid and Studio Ghibli’s Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea are discussed as examples that simulate pleasurable physical experiences through animation’s tools of music and voice, and visual effects of movement and metamorphosis. Fraser then explores the literary effects of the fairy tale by male authors, such as Oscar Wilde, Tanizaki Jun’ichiro, and Abe Kobo, who invoke familiar fairy-tale conventions and delineate some of the pleasures of what can be painful enchantment with a mermaid or with the fairy tale itself. The author examines the portrayals of the mermaid in three short stories by Matsumoto Yuko, Kurahashi Yumiko, and Ogawa Yoko, engaging with familiar fairy tales, reference to fairy-tale research, and reflections on the immersive experience of reading. Women characters and authors are also hyperaware of the possible meanings of Andersen’s "The Little Mermaid" and of the fairy tale itself, furthering the discussion with Nonaka Hiiragi’s novel Ningyo-hime no kutsu, and D[di?]’s novel Sento no ningyo-hime to majo no mori, as well as an episode of the science fiction television series Dark Angel. Fraser concludes that the "pleasure" framework is useful for a cross-cultural study of creative engagements with and transformations of a particular fairy tale.

Few studies have examined Japanese fairy-tale transformations to the extent that Fraser has, presenting fascinating information that will intrigue fairy-tale scholars and those wanting to learn more about the representation of pleasure behind the imaginative and fantastical.

Lucy Fraser is a lecturer in Japanese at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research on Japanese and English retellings of fairy tales in literature and popular culture has appeared in Marvels and Tales: Journal of Fairy-Tale Studies, Japan Forum, and Global Manga Studies. She has also published translations of literature by leading writers such as Kawakami Hiromi and Hoshino Tomoyuki and of literary criticism by academics such as Honda Masuko and Kan Satoko.

Lucy Fraser’s study of the afterlife of Andersen’s ‘The Little Mermaid’ has an unexpected poetic range and play, taking us under the sea and immersing us in the wonders and perils of fairy-tale worlds, old and new.

– Maria Tatar, professor at Harvard University and author of the Annotated Hans Christian Andersen and Classic Fairy Tales

Fraser’s manuscript elegantly unravels the complex images of gender presented in the transcultural and translinguistic transformations of Hans Christian Andersen’s ‘The Little Mermaid.’ A significant strength of this book is that it brings together fairy-tale texts across cultures in a well-framed and mutually illuminating way. This cross-cultural approach is much needed for a culturally sensitive analysis of the production and consumption of fairy-tale texts in a global context.

– Mayako Murai, author of From Dog Bridegroom to Wolf Girl: Contemporary Japanese Fairy-Tale Adaptations in Conversation with the West (Wayne State University Press, 2015)

Lucy Fraser indulges readers in a sumptuous exploration of stories that cross different time periods, languages, and national borders. Readers will come away with a keener understanding of not only Japanese literature and culture but also of the magical, transformative value of fairy tales themselves.

– Rebecca Copeland, professor of Japanese literature, Washington University in St. Louis

Lucy Fraser’s study of the afterlife of Andersen’s ‘The Little Mermaid’ has an unexpected poetic range and play, taking us under the sea and immersing us in the wonders and perils of fairy-tale worlds, old and new.

– Maria Tatar, professor at Harvard University and editor of The Annotated Hans Christian Andersen and Classic Fairy Tales

Fraser’s writing style is detailed and specific, and she favors a system of presenting an idea and then illustrating this idea with lengthy examples. Often her detail-orientated perspective creates page-long discussions concerning minor details of a story. These extended explorations add strength to her argument that the pleasure of reading fairy tales lies in their transformations...Overall, I enjoyed reading Fraser’s informative study of the movement of fairy tales across national and cultural borders. By incorporating an interdisciplinary viewpoint, she is able to depict multiple perspectives on the transformative use of Anderson’s classic story as a means of understanding both society and individuals. As Fraser argues, we are all mermaids waiting for our metamorphosis, and the pleasure we find in mermaid stories exists in the potential for transformation.

– Annaleigh Marshall, Contemporary Japanese Literature Blog

Fraser’s cross-cultural examination of many of the textual transformations of Andersen’s "The Little Mermaid," her theoretical focus on pleasure as applied to fairy tale texts, her expansive arguments on the influence of tales upon girls, and her application of shojo studies to close readings of fairy tale texts, all combine to make The Pleasures of Metamorphosis a highly worthwhile addition to several ongoing conversations in fairy tale and cultural studies.

– Shane Rasmussen, Journal of Folklore Research

Fraser deliberately avoids an Orientalist framework of a simple binary between essentialized perceptions of East and West. Instead, she draws on narratology and gender studies to peel away the texts’ layers of intertextuality to expose and compare their cultural values, anxieties, and gendered discourses. This analytical method provides a rich flow of perspectives as Fraser meticulously investigates how "Little Mermaid" transformations in English and Japanese reveal confluences of local traditions and transcultural adaptations. For anyone interested in a more cross-cultural, global, contemporary view on how stories travel, Fraser's monograph is a welcome addition to the predominantly Anglo-centered field of fairy-tale studies. This is in no small part due to Fraser's masterly incorporation of critical perspectives by both English and Japanese scholars.

– Kirsten Møllegaard, The Journal of Popular Culture

Fraser’s inclusion of Japanese language texts provides a rich tapestry of interwoven tales for comparative study, both through the lens of "The Little Mermaid" and that of shojo in literature. One possible obstacle for Englishlanguage readers would be that many of these texts have yet to be translated from their native Japanese, a hurdle that could potentially hinder a Western audience’s engagement with the texts. Though they come in the form of secondary sources, Fraser’s own translations and carefully detailed summaries pay respect to these brilliant additions to fairy-tale studies. In the transformative spirit of the texts, Fraser’s work has allowed these mermaids to become one with the ether of literature, unbound by the limitations of language and culture.

– Bianca L. Beronio, Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature

Fraser also engages with larger questions in fairy-tale scholarship. Running as an undercurrent throughout her text, her attentiveness to the reading culture of girls surfaces as a vital theme. Pointing to pleasure as key, she asserts that the transformative power of the tale is not merely within the text, but in what it does to the reader and how the reader seeks that transformative pleasure by becoming a reteller. Through this cycle, she suggests not only a reason for the continued use of the fairy-tale form, but also emphasizes the transformative act of reading.

– Amy Carlson, Marvels & Tales